Ch25+815+to+824

= Chapter 25 The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914 =

815-818: Napoleon III in France
1. The combination of nationalism and authoritarian rule was first made by which European leader in the early 19th century? 815

2. Why did Louis Napoleon win the hotly contested election to become the president of France in December 1848? 816

3. The Second Republic in France only lasted from December 1848 to December 1851. What happened that made it so short-lived? 817

4. What is a plebiscite? 817

5. How did Napoleon III use economic progress to reduce social and political tensions in France? 817

6. Since all French social classes benefited from Nap.III’s economic policies, why did criticism of him increase in the 1860’s? 818

**818-821: Italy**
7. Which of the major European powers received control of most of northern Italy at the Congress of Vienna? 818

8. What were the three different approaches to the goal of unifying Italy between 1815 and 1848? 818

9. At first Pope Pius IX was somewhat liberal in his outlook. What event changed his mind and caused him to resist nationalism and modern ideas? What papal document in 1864 expressed these conservative views? 818

10. The prime minister of Sardinia was a talented leader who had a very realistic and somewhat limited set of national goals for Italy. What was his plan? 819-820

11. Which European leader helped the Sardinians liberate part of northern Italy in 1859? What did this leader get in return for his support of a mostly unified Italy? 820

12. Who was the Italian patriot who led his “Red Shirts” to liberate the southern half of Italy (including Sicily) from its Bourbon monarch? 821

13. The unlikely and extraordinary success of the Red Shirts caused Cavour to become alarmed about what two possibilities that could ruin his hopes for an Italian state under the rule of Victor Emmanuel? 821

14. What two parts of Italy needed to be added later and when did each join? 821

**821-825: Germany**
15. Which two countries were competing in the 1850’s to dominate and possibly unify the German Confederation into a single nation? 821

16. Explain how the zollverein worked and why it eventually shifted German support toward Prussia’s leadership. 821

17. After the 1848 revolution, Prussia emerged with a strong king whose middleclass parliament disagreed with his policies. In 1859 Prussia’s king William I deadlocked with parliament over what issue? 821

18. This crisis (see #17) was resolved by the appointment of a new Prussian statesman named…

19. Why did Bismarck’s early speeches to parliament create a sensation and a scandal? 822

20. Prussia fought three wars in seven years to unify Germany. List each war and give the date along with the country that the Prussians defeated in each war. 822-824

21. After forcing Austria out of any efforts at German unification, what strategy did Bismarck use to bring the northern German states under the control of Prussia?

22. How did Bismarck manage to keep power in the hands of the Prussian king while creating a legislature based on universal male suffrage? 822

23. The southern German states were more Catholic and less eager to become part of the new Prussian-led Germany. What strategy did Bismarck develop to solve this big problem? 824

24. What were the terms of the peace treaty that was imposed on France after its defeat in January 1871? 825