Reading+Questions+on+589+to+595+Sci+Rev

Guided Reading pp. 589-595 Ch.18 The Scientific Revolution
1. How are the “scientific revolution” and the “new science” of the seventeenth century characterized in the intro. on page 589? What was so significant about these intellectual developments? 2. How were these ideas extended in the eighteenth century? 3. Summarize the basic conception of the universe in 1500 (before the Scientific Revolution). Look at the picture for a visual. 4. Why did the Church support this Aristotelian view? 5. What did Copernicus set out to do? What conception of the universe did he develop? 6. What was Copernicus’ famous book? 7. What were the religious implications of his ideas? How did religious leaders respond? 8. What was Tycho Brahe’s significant achievement? Did he believe in the Copernican (heliocentric) hypothesis? 9. Kepler used Brahe’s data to formulate what three laws of planetary motion? 10. How did Galileo apply the experimental method to astronomy? What did he observe? 11. According to the text what was “the greatest accomplishment of the entire scientific revolution” and why? 12. What famous book did Galileo publish in 1632 and why/how did it get him in trouble? 13. What was Newton’s famous book, published in 1687? 14. What was the “Newtonian synthesis”—what did he integrate and how?

**Scientific Revolution (continued)**
1. What are the four major cultural developments that caused the scientific revolution? (595) 2. What did Francis Bacon contribute to the development of scientific methodology? (595) 3. How did Rene Descartes use math to advance scientific thinking? (595-596)

4. In what ways did religion influence the development of science? (596)

5. What are three consequences that grew out of the rise of modern science? (597)

6. List 3 or 4 ways in which women were connected to the scientific revolution. (597-598)

**Guided Reading: the Enlightenment**
7. What are the three central concepts that stand out at the core of Enlightenment thinking? (598)

8. The generation that came of age between 1687 and 1715 “tied the crucial knot between the scientific revolution and a new outlook on life.” What concept was at the very heart of this “new outlook on life”? (598-599)

9. In what ways did religion present a challenge to the new age of reason? (599-603) 10. How did John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding completely change the prevailing view of how people form and change their ideas? (600)

11. Writers who popularized the new scientific and philosophical ideas for the educated elite were called philosophes in France. Give three reasons why the Enlightenment reached its zenith in France. (600)

12. In The Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu made suggestions for ways to control despotic and tyrannical governments. Explain how his idea of separation of powers worked. (601)

13. List two different contributions that Voltaire made to the Enlightenment’s efforts to make a better human society. (601-602) 14. Voltaire’s impressive companion, Madame du Chatelet, is famous for what accomplishment that helped to promote Enlightenment ideas? (601-602)

15. “They set out to teach people how to think critically and objectively about all matters.” Who were these people and how did they go about this daunting task? (602-603)

16. Your book describes a “reading revolution” that occurred in the 18th century. What did it used to be like? How did it change? (604-605)

17. How did salons spread the new ideas of the Enlightenment? Be sure to include the phrase, “cultural realm” in your answer. List some examples of people who hosted these meetings. (605-607)

18. How did the salons influence the dominant artistic style of the 18th century western Europe? (605)

19. Public debate of important issues was also encouraged by the appearance of social institutions other than salons. List some of these and also explain how they helped to create a new “public sphere.” (607)

**Guided Reading: Late Enlightenment [Counter-Enlightenment]**
20. After 1770 some writers became critics of the Enlightenment. List three aspects of Enlightenment thought that they called into question. (607)

21. Which aspects of Enlightenment thought did Jean Jacques Rousseau agree with and which parts did he criticize? (607)

22. Explain the theory of the general will that Rousseau argued in his influential book, The Social Contract. Be sure to indicate who decides what is the correct interpretation of the general will. Why do dictators like his ideas? . (608)

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Guided Reading 609-616

**Guided Reading: the Enlightenment and Absolutism**
1. Outside of England and the Netherlands, most Enlightenment philosophes argued that political change was most likely to happen under what sort of government? (609)

2. How did Frederick the Great manage to double the population of his country in just two years, between 1740 and 1742? (610)

3. List five specific Enlightenment reforms that Frederick instituted in Prussia during his reign. (610)

4. What are two groups of people who did not receive any benefits from Frederick the Great’s enlightened policies. (610)

5. Why did Russian army officers support Catherine the Great’s plan to depose and kill her husband, Tsar Peter III? (612)

6. List three specific ways in which Catherine tried to bring the culture of western Europe to Russia. (613)

7. What were two specific domestic reforms that Catherine advocated in the spirit of the Enlightenment? (613)

8. Who was Emelian Pugachev? How did Catherine’s handling of the Pugachev affair change her policies about being an Enlightened monarch? (613)

9. What was the greatest coup in Catherine the Great’s quest for the territorial expansion of Russia? (613)

10. What were the three major reforms that Maria Theresa introduced to make her state stronger after her defeat in the War of the Austrian Succession? (614)

11. What were three very dramatic reforms that Joseph II tried to put into effect between 1781 and 1790? (615)

12. What happened to Joseph’s reforms after his death? (615)

13. According to your text, do modern historians feel that enlightened monarchs (such as Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great) truly enlightened or motivated by some other goal? (615-616)