Study+Guide+RenReformation


 * Renaissance and Reformation** **Review Sheet**


 * Summary**: The Renaissance first emerged in Italy in the fourteenth century and then spread gradually at different times and in different ways throughout western and central Europe. The rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman artistic styles, languages, and values was at the heart of Italian Renaissance humanism. The Renaissance rested on new political and social structures created in the disunited, city-states of Italy, which were dominated by wealthy merchants.

In the sixteenth century the unity of the western Christian world was permanently broken by the Protestant Reformation, which began in the German states with Martin Luther. Luther publicly challenged both the practices and theology of the Catholic Church and, with the help of German princes who sought greater authority and autonomy from Rome, founded his own church. Luther’s work stimulated other reformers, most notably John Calvin. In response to Protestant challenges, the Catholic Church launched its own reformation which removed some of the abuses but also went on the offensive and reaffirmed key doctrines and practices and created new religious orders, like the Jesuits, to combat Protestantism.

Feudalism, scholasticism and the “disasters” of the 14th C that paved the way for the Renaissance Why the Renaissance began in Italy Oligarchy courts Major Italian city states Balance of power Humanism Humanist education secularism //virtú// Catiglione- //Book of the Courtier// Petrarch Nicolo Machiavelli- //The Prince// Sir Thomas More Galileo
 * Italian Renaissance**

Christian humanism Erasmus- //In Praise of Folly// Johannes Gutenberg- printing press & its effects mysticism
 * Northern Renaissance**

__Lutheranism and the Early Reformation__: How Humanism contributed to Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Johann Tetzel Leo X Charles V Zwingli indulgences simony, pluralism, asbsenteeism 95 Theses “justification by faith” “priesthood of all believers” sacraments transubstantiation Diet of Worms //Address to the Christian nobility of the German Nation// Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony) Anabaptists & other Radicals 1525 Peasant Revolts Political status/makeup if the Holy Roman Empire Peace of Augsburg 1555 “cuius regio, eius religio”
 * Protestant Reformation**

Henry VIII & Church of England (Anglican) Pilgrimage of Grace Mary Tudor Elizabeth I Elizabethan Settlement Reformation in Ireland Calvin //Institutes of the Christian Religion// predestination “the elect” Geneva Scotland-presbyterianism, Knox General situation in Eastern Europe
 * Spread of Reformation**:

Council of Trent //Index of Prohibited Books// Inquisition Ursulines Ignatius of Loyola- //Spiritual Exercises// Jesuits
 * Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation**

Status/role of black Africans in Renaissance Europe 1st estate/2nd estate/3rd estate and the intermingling of the hierarchy of wealth “debate about women” power relationships between men and women Catholic vs Protestant views on marriage and divorce
 * Social History**

Patronage Leonardo Michelangelo Brunelleschi general characteristics of Renaissance art- what distinguished it from medieval art Italian Renaissance art vs. Northern Renaissance art general characteristics of Mannerist art- in what ways did it reflect the turmoil the Reformation had stirred up? Tintoretto and El Greco as examples of Mannerism Why did El Greco ("the Greek guy") end up in Spain?
 * Art**