McKay+pp.457-472

**pp. 457-472**   **The Reformation and German Politics 457** 1. What was unusual about the structure of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) that made it much easier for Luther to spread his ideas of religious reforms? 457
 * Reformation Reading Questions on Ch. 14**

2. The Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally a member of what family ________ and he was the ruler of what country? _________________ 457

3. What marriage in 1477 dramatically increased the power of the Holy Roman Emperor? 457 4. What lands did Charles V control? 458

**The political Impact of the Protestant Reformation** 5. As the Reformation spread, did the idea of religious freedom increase or decrease? 458-459 6. Why did some German rulers (especially in the north) embrace Luther’s new faith? 458 7. How did Emperor Charles V respond to the spread of religious division? 458-459

8. Why was the Peace of Augsburg a big deal? 459

**The Spread of the Protestant Reformation** **The Reformation in England and Ireland** 9. Why did Henry VIII of England want a divorce or annulment from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon? 461 10. What were Henry’s motives in setting up his own Protestant church (Church of England also known as the “Anglican” Church)? 461

11. What was the “Pilgrimage of Grace”? 462

12. How did the Reformation in Ireland differ from what happened in England? 462

13. How did the Reformation in England contribute to the modernization of the country’s bureaucracy? 463 14. What happened to Protestantism in England during the reigns of Henry’s three children who followed him in succession? 463

15. What is the Elizabethan Settlement? 463

**Calvinism** 16. Why does your text say that John Calvin had a greater impact on the Reformation than Luther? 463 17. What are the basic beliefs of Calvinism? 463-464

18. What is the Calvinist ethic? 465

19. In what way was Geneva a model of Calvin’s ideas? 464-465

20. What was Calvin’s most important book called? 463

**The Establishment of the Church of Scotland** 21. How did the ideas of John Knox reflect and differ from the ideas of Calvin? 465 **Reformation in Eastern Europe (465-466)** Here are the key facts in this little section: In the 16th century Poland and Lithuania were loosely joined into one huge “country.” Although the largest country in Europe, it was thinly populated and very decentralized. Nobles (“//__szlachta__”//) held the real power. Lutheranism was too Germanic for the Poles, but Calvinism appealed to the nobles. Bohemia (now Czech Republic) was very pro-Lutheran and badly destroyed in the religious wars. The Hungarians began to adopt Protestantism after the Turks defeated them at the __battle of Mohacs__ in 1526. All 3 regions returned to Catholicism in the Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) in the late 16th century.

**The Catholic Reformation How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?** Main idea: They made reforms of church abuses and went on the offensive against Protestantism, using armies, ideas, art, political deals, etc. 22. After 1540 no new large areas of Europe became Protestant except for… 466

**The Reformed Papacy 467** 23. List 3 reforms undertaken by Pope Paul III to fix some of the problems that drove people to Protestantism. 467 24. What was the //Index//? 467

25. How effective was the Holy Office and Roman Inquisition beyond the Papal States? 467 **The Council of Trent 467-469** 26. Pope Paul III called the meeting to reform the … and to reconcile differences with …._ 467

27. Why was the Council of Trent unsuccessful in reconciling the differences? 469

28. List 4 major reforms brought about by the Council of Trent. 467-468

**Map on p.468** 29. Calvinism in the 16th century spread from Switzerland where it began to what two major areas of western Europe?

30. It also spread to France without becoming the dominant religion in that country. What regions of France were most likely to have Protestants by 1700?

**New Religious Orders 469-472** 31. What was the big need that these new religious orders were responding to when they were established in the 16th century? 469

32. What was the goal and who was the target audience of the Ursulines? 469

33. How were Loyola’s Jesuits different from the typical monk who lived in a monastery? 469-470