Ideology+Readings+747-758

= Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-50 = = =

747-753: The Peace Settlement/Congress of Vienna
1. Two separate revolutions in European culture merged after 1815, creating what Eric Hobsbawn called the dual revolution. What are the two revolutions that fed into this process? 747

2. Name three of the new ideologies that became powerful forces leading up to the revolutions of 1848. 747

3. The Peace settlement after the fall of Napoleon was shaped by the Quadruple Alliance, made up of which countries? In 1814 these four countries plus France and many other smaller nations held a peace conference known as the of. 4. List three specific strategies that were used in the peace treaty that was imposed on France in 1814-1815. 749

5. What proposal by the Russian Tsar Alexander I almost led to war among the allies? 750

6. In the final (second) treaty with France in 1815, who became the leader of France? Who was the host of the Congress of Vienna and the chief architect of the peace settlement?

7. What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance and who proposed it? 751

8. Give two examples of the reactionary policies imposed by Metternich and Alexander I under the terms of the Quadruple Alliance. 751

9. Metternich’s beliefs shaped European policies in the early 19th century. List three of his ideas. 751

753-758: Radical Ideas and Early Socialism
10. The decades following the peace settlement of 1815 were marked by a collision between reactionary political powers and radical efforts to remake society. This was an age of “ism’s” with many competing ideologies. Since your book does not define that important word, look it up elsewhere and define it here:

11. People who advocated liberalism pushed for three types of political reforms. What are they? 753-754

12. Economic liberalism was popularly known as _ and it is often called _ liberalism in the U.S. 754 13. What did Adam Smith mean by the “invisible hand”? 754 14. Explain how property requirements or voting impacted the lower class in England. 754

15. What were main elements of nationalism? 754

16. What was the political goal that made nationalism so explosive in central and eastern Europe after 1815? 754

17. In what way did the rise of urban industrial societies contribute to the rise of nationalism? 755

18. People who believed in nationalism also tended to believe in liberalism or the more radical idea of democratic republicanism. What idea was “the single most important reason for linking…” all those concepts?

19. What was ambiguous about early nationalism? 756

20. List 3 o4 of the key ideas of early French socialism that have characterized socialism ever since. 756

21. Saint-Simon argued that the parasites in society must give way to the doers who would then rationally run society in a compassionate way. Who were the doers that Saint-Simon envisioned in power? 756

22. What similarities can you find between Obama’s economic proposals and Saint-Simon’s? 756 23. List three of Charles Fourier’s ideas for reforming capitalist society. 756

24. List four of Louis Blanc’s beliefs that he outlined in his book Organization of Work in 1839. 756

25. What was the answer to Pierre Proudhon’s 1840 question What is Property? 756

26. In 1848 who were the authors of “the bible of socialism” (and what was that book’s title)? 757

27. Why did Marx feel that the early French socialists were naïve? 757

28. What names did Marx give to each class? 757

29. What prediction did Marx make? What evidence did he use to support this idea? 757

30. Why does your text describe Marx as “the last of the classical economists?” 757

31. How did the ideas of Georg Hegel influence Marx? 757-758