Ch28+and+29+Readings

=Ch.28 Age of Anxiety: ca.1900-1940=

1. Before 1914 most western Europeans still believed in the three basic concepts that had evolved with the liberal tradition since the Enlightenment. What were those three ideas? 913-914
 * 913-928: Uncertainty in Modern Thought**

2. The horrors of WWI convinced many people that the old beliefs were bankrupt. This revolt sparked a new era of modern thinking. List two new trends in philosophy that challenged old ideas about God, morality, progress and certainty.

3. What was Nietzsche’s view of God? What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the term “engaged”? 916

4. How did the “new physics” challenge the scientific basis of traditional 19th century science? 917-918

5. Freud undermined the old belief that people act rationally. How did he do this? 919 According to his theory, what were the three parts of one’s personality?

6. In what way did Marcel Proust’s //Remembrance of things Past// reflect some of Freud’s ideas? 920

7. Who argued in his 1918 book, //The Decline of the West//, that Western civilization had peaked and started to decline? According to this author, who was going to take over the world? 920

8. Modernism in architecture was often embodied in what new principle? Name two architects who followed this idea. 921

9. What was Bauhaus and who was most responsible for making it succeed in the 1920’s? 921-922

10. Look closely at the Van Gogh painting on p.923. How does //The Starry Night// differ from Impressionism? Why do you think it is called Expressionism?

11. What were the characteristics of Pablo Picasso’s new art style that was called cubism? Why was it so revolutionary? 924

12. How did Dadaism differ from surrealism? 926

**928-933: Search for Peace and Political Stability in the 1920’s**
13. How did most Germans view the treaty of Versailles in the 1929’s? 928

14. Who wrote the book //Economic Consequences of Peace// ? What were two of the ideas that he argued in the book? 928-929

15. Why did the Weimar Republic refuse to make its reparation payments in 1922? How did the French react? How did the British react?

16. What triggered the runaway inflation of 1923 that brought about a social revolution in Germany? 929-930

17. The Dawes Plan helped Germany recover from inflation. How did it work?

18. What was the purpose of the Locarno Pact of 1925? 930

19. What was the purpose of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928? 930

20. Who tried (and failed) to lead a feeble revolt against the Weimar government in Germany in 1923? What was his book called? 932

21. In what ways did the political situation in France in the 1920’s resemble the politics of Germany at the same time? 932

22. Which English political party advocated a moderate, “revisionist” socialism when it came into power n the 1920’s? 933

933-939: The Great Depression, 1929-1939
//Note: As you read this section it will definitely remind you of our current financial crisis. Try to find evidence both for and against the idea that we are once again headed toward a prolonged and very severe “great” depression.//

23. What made the Great Depression different from typical financial depressions? 933

24. “The American stock market boom was built on borrowed money.” What does this mean and why did it intensify the economic crisis? 933

25. What two mistakes did the United States make in 1929 that prevented it from stabilizing the worldwide financial crisis? 935

26. According to John Maynard Keynes, what big mistake did almost all countries make at that time which also deepened the depression? 935

27. What percent of American workers were unemployed in the 1920’s? What percent were unemployed in 1932?

28. “Only strong government action could deal with mass unemployment, a social powder keg preparing to explode.” (936) What did the United States do under the leadership of Franklin Roosevelt to avert this crisis? 937 (Do you know if the Obama administration is implementing any of these same policies?)

29. What percent of the American labor force worked for the WPA at some point in the 1930’s? 937

30. Which of the following countries was most successful in restoring jobs and modest prosperity by the middle of the 1930’s? England or France or the United States 938-939

31. The depression caused moderates to lose political power in many countries, opening the door to extremists on the left and the right. What coalition made up the Popular Front that won the French elections in 1936? 939

32. What policies did Leon Blum put into effect and what happened as a result? 939

=Chapter 29 Dictatorships and the Second World War=

1. In the years leading up to World War Two ..............................were surviving only in Great Britain, France, the Low Countries (Belgium & Netherlands), the Scandinavian nations, and Switzerland. Elsewhere in Europe, various ................................ruled. 945
 * Guided Reading: 945-957**

2. Explain how traditional anti-democratic conservative authoritarian states (like Catherine the Great’s Russia or Metternich’s Austria) had functioned and what their limits were in terms of controlling people. 946 3. After World War One, this kind of conservative authoritarian regime was revived especially in Europe. What were the reasons for this development? 4. In what three nations did more radical totalitarian dictatorships emerge? 5. Explain how the roots of totalitarianism lay in WWI and the Russian Revolution. 946-947 6. What are the major differences between the totalitarianism of Stalin’s USSR and Hitler’s Nazi Germany? 947 7. “Comparative studies of fascist movements all across Europe showed that they shared many characteristics” such as...
 * Authoritarian States**

8. What was Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP)? In what ways was it a success politically and economically? 9.What two men competed to be Lenin’s successor? Who won and why/how? 10. What were the goals of the First Five Year Plan? 11. Stalin launched this plan for a “variety of interrelated reasons.” What were the ideological considerations? 12. What were the political considerations? 13. What were the domestic (peasant) considerations? 14. Explain collectivization, kulaks and the tragic outcomes. 951-952 15. What accounts for the succes of the industrial side of the Five Year Plans? 16. What were the negative aspects of life in the Soviet Union? 17. What were the positives aspects of life in the Soviet Union? 18. How did the status/roles of women change? 19. What kinds of propaganda and indoctrination are mentioned? 954 20. In what ways did Stalin “purge” the Communist party starting in 1936? Who made up the next generation of party leaders? 21. What explanations are offered as to why Stalin undertook these massive party purges?
 * Stalin’s Soviet Union**

22. What were the problems/challenges for Italy as it tried to move toward liberal democracy in the years leading up to the First World War? 23. How did the results of the First World War intensify these problems? 24. By 1921 what three groups all opposed the liberal parliamentary government? 25. Briefly describe Mussolini’s background. 26. In 1920, Mussolini shifted from socialism to a movement that could gain support from __. 27. How did Mussolini use his Black Shirts to reduce socialist influence? 28. Explain how Mussolini gained power in 1922. 29. By 1924 Mussolini’s Fascist party held a majority of seats in the parliament and he pushed forward to “make the nation fascist.” What kinds of repressive measures were imposed? 30. In what ways did Mussolini fail to “complete the establishment of a modern totalitarian state”? 31. What treatment did women face in Mussolini’s Italy?
 * Mussolini and Fascism in Italy**

=Ch. 29 Dictatorships and WWII: 1919-1942=

The Roots of Nazism** 1. What were the two most influential ideas that contributed to Nazism? 957 2. How did Hitler twist the ideas of Darwin? 958 3. What skills or tools did Hitler use to manipulate political opinions? 958
 * 957-970: Hitler and Nazism in Germany

4. What were the three basic themes of Mein Kampf? 958 5. How did the Great Depression provide “a fabulous opportunity” for Hitler? 958 6. What social groups did Hitler aim to attract with his speeches? 958-959 7. What political issues made it easier for Hitler to come into power? 959-960 8. In 1933 what government office did Hitler end up holding? 960
 * Hitler’s Road to Power**

9. What dramatic moves did Hitler make in 1933 to consolidate his power? 960 10. What was the only institution in Germany that retained its independence from Hitler? 961 What did he try to do to get around that problem? 11. What were the objectives of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws? 961 12. In 1938 “Kristallnacht” occurred. What was that? 961
 * The Nazi State**

13. What did Hitler do to create an economic recovery? 961 14. What was the Nazi view of the role of women? 962 15. How did Hitler use nationalism to appeal to German citizens? 962 16. What groups protested against Hitler’s rule? 962
 * Hitler’s Popularity**

17. What action did Hitler take in 1933 that indicated he was going to become more aggressive in his policies toward neighboring countries? 962 18. What policy did Britain adopt toward Hitler? 962 Give two examples of that policy in action. 962 19. What caused the Italians join Germany in creating the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936? 963 20. Which side did Germany support in the Spanish Civil War? 963 21. Policy makers today often refer to the “Munich anology” which references the September 1938 meeting held in Munich. What happened there? 965 22. In March 1938, what country was annexed completely to Germany without any resistance? (Not Czechoslovakia) 965 23. In August 1939 Hitler stunned the world by announcing that he had signed a non-aggression pact with what country? 965
 * Aggression and Appeasement**

24. World War II began with Germany’s invasion of what country on September 1, 1939? 965-966 25. What year was the turning point of WWII in Europe (comparable to 1917 in WWI)? 966 26. Explain how Hitler’s strategy of blitzkrieg worked. 966 27. As German armies conquered more and more countries, Hitler imposed a “New Order” on Europe. What was the guiding principle of the New Order? 967
 * Hitler’s Empire 1939-1942**

28. What was the “final solution” ? 967 29. Before the Germans executed Jews in their camps and gas chambers, they first tested their machinery of death on what group of Germans from 1937-1941? 969 30. How many people were slaughtered per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau? 969
 * The Holocaust**

**World War Two, 972-974**
31. What did the policy of “Europe First” mean for the U.S. in World War Two? 32. What did it mean for America’s European Allies? 33. What great assets/strengths did the Allies have?
 * The Grand Alliance**

34. What happened in 1942-1943 in the fighting between Germany and the Soviet Union? 35. What happened in 1942-43 in North Africa and Italy? 36. What happened on June 6, 1944 and why was this so crucial?
 * The War in Europe 1942-1945**