Ch27+901-908

901-908: The Peace Settlement
1. According to your text, what is surely “the ultimate tragedy of the Great War”? 2. By September 1917, the British, French and American Allies were advancing on the Germans and defeat seemed inevitable for Germany. What was going on in Germany- what did regular people and soldiers do? What did Kaiser William II (emperor/king) do? 3. When did the armistice (agreement to end fighting, cease fire) happen? 4. What sort of revolution did Austria experience at wars’ end? What nations did it split into? 5. In what ways was the revolution in Germany like the Russian Revolution? How was it different? 6. Which moderate party came to dominate the new German Republic? 7. What was American President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points proposal, released in January 1918 (before the end of the war), about? 8. Who were the “Big Four” nations at the Paris Peace Conference and what leader represented each nation? Which of the four was not such a big deal? 9. What was Wilson most passionate about at the conference? 10. What were Lloyd George’s goals/feelings? 11. What were Clemenceau’s goals/feelings? 12. What agreements were reached about the Rhineland, alliances, League of Nations? 13. List parts of the Treaty of Versailles. 14. Why were the Germans essentially forced to accept the treaty? 15. Hungary lost territory to what four nations? 16. In the Middle East: Basically the ______________ was broken up ______ and _____ expanded their power and ______________ felt cheated and betrayed. 17. The British and French had made a secret agreement regarding Ottoman territory in 1916 during the war (this was the Sykes-Picot Agreement, but your book doesn’t use the name). What would each one get? 18. What did the Balfour Declaration say? Why did the British make it? Who was angry? 19. How did the British and French respond when the Syrians and the Iraqis each declared themselves independent kingdoms? 20. When dealing with the Ottoman Turks the victorious Allies had imposed harsh terms. A military leader, Mustafa Kemal (known as Ataturk) led the Turks in a successful revolt against these terms and ended up establishing a truly independent Turkey (that was far smaller in size than the old Ottoman Empire). 21. What kinds of reforms and religious policies did Mustafa Kemal then implement in Turkey that “moved Turkey much closer to Europe”? 22. Why had the allied leaders felt the need to make a treaty speedily? 907 23. Why did the U.S. Senate (and the U.S. public generally) reject the Versailles Treaty even though President Wilson supported it? 24. Did the U.S. ever ratify the treaty and join the League of Nations? 25. The U.S. failure to take part in post-war alliances was followed by British efforts to also back out of agreements. How did France react?